A simple model for f→ d transition of heavy lanthanide and actinide ions in crystals

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The f→ d transition model by Duan and co-workers [Phys. Rev. B 66, 155108 (2002); J. Solid State Chem. 171, 299 (2003)] has been very useful in interpreting the f→ d absorption, emission and nonradiative relaxation of light lanthanide ions in crystals. However, based on the assumption that the fⁿ⁻¹ core spin-orbit interaction is weak compared to f→ d exchange interaction, this model, in the original form, is not applicable to interpretation of the f→ d transitions of heavy lanthanide ions or actinide ions in crystals. In this work the model is extended to cover the cases of heavy lanthanides and actinides, where the spin-orbit interaction of f orbitals may be stronger than the f-d exchange nteraction. Keywords: lanthanide; f-d transition; model; spectrum; actinide; VUV;