Exact inequalities for sums of asymmetric random variables, with applications

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Let ₁,...,ₙ be independent identically distributed random variables each having the standardized Bernoulli distribution with parameter p∈(0,1). Let m*(p):=(1+p+2p²)/(2√p-p²+4p²) if 0<p≤ 1/2 and m*(p):=1 if 1/2≤ p<1. Let m≥ m*(p). Let f be such a function that f and f'' are nondecreasing and convex. Then it is proved that for all nonnegative numbers c₁,...,cₙ one has the inequality f(c₁₁+...+cₙₙ)≤ f(s⁽ᵐ⁾·(₁+...+ₙ)), where s⁽ᵐ⁾:=(1n ∑ᵢ₌₁ⁿ cᵢ²ᵐ)12m. The lower bound m*(p) on m is exact for each p∈(0,1). Moreover, f(c₁₁+...+cₙₙ) is Schur-concave in (c₁²ᵐ,...,cₙ²ᵐ). A number of related results are presented, including ones for the ``symmetric'' case. A number of corollaries are obtained, including upper bounds on generalized moments and tail probabilities of (super)martingales with differences of bounded asymmetry, and also upper bounds on the maximal function of such (super)martingales. It is shown that these results may be important in certain statistical applications.