Refraction-Based Alternative Explanation for: Bending of Light Near a Star, Gravitational Red/Blue Shift and Black-Hole

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In this research-paper, many of the general-relativity-tests such as bending of light near a star and gravitational red/blue shift are explained without general-relativity & even without Newtonian-approach. The authors first raise questions on the validity of both, the Newtonian and the relativistic approach; and then propose a novel alternative-explanation. The new alternative explanation is based on refraction-phenomenon of optics. Estimation of results with new approach are in agreement with known values. Though physics is different, but it is argued that general-relativity based gravitational-bending and refraction based bending have more in common than is generally realized. Also discussed are black-hole and gravitational-lensing in the new perspective of refraction. The new refraction-based theory makes a few new predictions and also suggests a few tests.