The alpha effect and its saturation in a turbulent swirling flow generated in the VKS experiment

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We report the experimental observation of the alpha-effect. It consists in the generation of a current parallel to a magnetic field B0 applied to a turbulent swirling flow of liquid sodium. At low magnetic Reynolds number, Rm, we show that the magnitude of the alpha-effect increases like Rm2 and that its sign is determined by the flow helicity. It saturates and then decreases at large Rm, primarily because of the expulsion of the applied field B0 from the bulk of the flow. We show how this expulsion is affected by the flow geometry by varying the relative amplitudes of the azimuthal and axial flows.