Topological Superconductivity and Superfluidity

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We construct time reversal invariant topological superconductors and superfluids in two and three dimensions which are analogous to the recently discovered quantum spin Hall and three-d Z₂ topological insulators respectively. These states have a full pairing gap in the bulk, gapless counter-propagating Majorana states at the boundary, and a pair of Majorana zero modes associated with each vortex. We show that the time reversal symmetry naturally emerges as a supersymmetry, which changes the parity of the fermion number associated with each time-reversal invariant vortex. In the presence of external T-breaking fields, non-local topological correlation is established among these fields, which is an experimentally observable manifestation of the emergent supersymmetry.