Dynamic Generators of Topologically Embedded Graphs

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We provide a data structure for maintaining an embedding of a graph on a surface (represented combinatorially by a permutation of edges around each vertex) and computing generators of the fundamental group of the surface, in amortized time O(log n + log g(log log g)³) per update on a surface of genus g; we can also test orientability of the surface in the same time, and maintain the minimum and maximum spanning tree of the graph in time O(log n + log⁴ g) per update. Our data structure allows edge insertion and deletion as well as the dual operations; these operations may implicitly change the genus of the embedding surface. We apply similar ideas to improve the constant factor in a separator theorem for low-genus graphs, and to find in linear time a tree-decomposition of low-genus low-diameter graphs.