Damping of collective modes and quasiparticles in d-wave superconductors

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The two-dimensional d-wave superconducting state of the high temperature superconductors has a number of different elementary excitations: the spin-singlet Cooper pairs, the spin S=1/2 fermionic quasiparticles, and a bosonic S=1 resonant collective mode, phialpha, at the antiferromagnetic wavevector. Although the phialpha quanta are strongly coupled to the gapped quasiparticles near the (pi,0), (0,pi) wavevectors (the "hot spots"), they are essentially decoupled from the low energy quasiparticles near the nodes of the superconducting gap. Consequently, distinct and independent low energy quantum field theories can be constructed for the phialpha and nodal quasiparticle excitations. We review recent work introducing a 2+1 dimensional boundary conformal field theory for the damping of the phialpha excitations by non-magnetic impurities, which is built on the proximity to a magnetic ordering transition at which the phialpha condense; the results are compared with neutron scattering experiments. Photoemission and THz conductivity measurements indicate that the nodal quasiparticles undergo strong inelastic scattering at low temperatures; we propose that this is due to fluctuations near a quantum phase transition, and critically analyze candidate order parameters and field theories.