Origin of the asymmetric exchange bias in BiFeO₃-Bi₂Fe₄O₉ nanocomposite

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We show from detailed magnetometry across 2-300 K that the BiFeO₃-Bi₂Fe₄O₉ nanocomposite offers a unique spin morphology where superspin glass (SSG) and dilute antiferromagnet in a field (DAFF) coexist at the interface between ferromagnetic Bi₂Fe₄O₉ and antiferromagnetic BiFeO₃. The coexisting SSG and DAFF combine to form a local spin texture which gives rise to a path-dependent exchange bias below the spin freezing temperature (29K). The exchange bias varies depending on the protocol or path followed in tracing the hysteresis loop. The exchange bias has been observed below blocking temperature (TB 60K) of the superparamagnetic Bi₂Fe₄O₉. The conventional exchange bias (CEB) increases nonmonotonically as temperature decreases. The magnitude of both exchange bias (Hₑ) and coercivity (HC) increase with decrease in temperature and are found to be asymmetric below 20K depending on the path followed in tracing the hysteresis loop and bias field. The local spin texture at the interface between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic particles generates a nonswitchable unidirectional anisotropy along the negative direction of the applied field. The influence of this texture also shows up in "asymmetric" jumps in the hysteresis loop at 2 K which smears off at higher temperature. The role of the interface spin texture in yielding the path dependency of exchange bias is thus clearly delineated.